Hence, dietary misalignment can emerge due to a discrepancy between the biological and the social timing or result from a general mismatch of dietary intake to metabolic circadian rhythmicity, e.g., to the decrease in insulin sensitivity over the day. Misalignment may extend to their dietary behavior if it does not match metabolic processes, most of which follow a circadian rhythm.
Persons with a late chronotype (i.e., those with a preference for a delayed timing of sleep on free days, i.e., without social obligations) are at particular risk of experiencing mild, but chronic misalignment resulting from the discrepancy between their circadian clock and socially determined, fixed schedules. In a subsample from a Finnish population-based study, behavioral traits towards eveningness (based on a questionnaire assessing morningness-eveningness) were linked to notably higher odds for type 2 diabetes. This originates from the observation that extreme circadian (circa dies (lat.) = about 24 h) misalignment-as experienced during shiftwork-enhances the risk of type 2 diabetes among adults. Recent discussions on preventive procedures also account for chronobiological aspects of metabolism. This is supported by our recent observations linking a higher dietary GI/GL during puberty to a lower insulin sensitivity and increased liver enzyme activities as well as increased levels of interleukin-(IL)-6 in young adulthood, i.e., metabolic markers indicating an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life. Their preferred use has hence been advocated particularly during periods of physiological insulin resistance, such as puberty. Conclusion: Avoidance of large amounts of carbohydrates from higher-GI sources in the evening should be considered in preventive strategies to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.ĭiets low in glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) are related to a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using multivariable linear regression analyses, estimated morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO (GI 0.1). Methods: Analyses included DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study participants who had provided at least two 3-day weighed dietary records (median: 7 records) during adolescence and one blood sample in young adulthood. Background: This study investigated whether glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) of morning or evening intake and morning or evening carbohydrate intake from low- or higher-GI food sources (low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) during adolescence are relevant for risk markers of type 2 diabetes in young adulthood.
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